The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to three different dentinal substrates. Primary molar teeth that had been recently exfoliated (RE), with unknown time of exfoliation (UT), and extracted due to prolonged retention (PR) were used for this investigation. Ten primary molar teeth of each group were cut in the middle following the mesio-distal direction, creating a total of twenty specimens per group. The specimens were included in acrylic resin and had a flat dentin surface exposed. The self-etching adhesive system was applied to this surface and a 3-millimeter high cone with diameter of 2 mm in the adhesion area was constructed using composite resin. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37ºC for 24 hours. Fifteen specimens of each substrate were used for the tensile bond test (n = 15) and 5 had the interface analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data was examined by one-way ANOVA and presented no significant differences between groups (p = 0.5787). The mean values obtained for RE, UT and PR were 18.39 ± 9.70, 19.41 ± 7.80, and 23.30 ± 9.37 MPa, respectively. Any dentinal substrates of primary teeth studied are safe for tensile bond strength tests with adhesive systems.

This study evaluated the influence of curing tip distance, shade and filler particle size on Vickers microhardness (VHN) of composite resins. Two composites were tested: Filtek Z250 microhybrid (3M ESPE; shades A1 and A3.5) and Filtek Supreme nanofilled (3M ESPE; shades A1B and A3.5B). For each resin, 42 specimens (5 mm in diameter and 2 mm height) were prepared being 21 for each shade. The specimens were exposed using a 20-second exposure to a quartz-tungsten-halogen light source with an irradiance of approximately 560 mW/cm², at the following distances: 0 mm (surface contact), 6 mm and 12 mm from composite surface. Effectiveness of cure of different resins, shades and curing distances was determined by measuring the top and bottom hardness (VHN) of specimens using a digital microhardness tester (load: 50 g; dwell time: 45 seconds) 24 hours following curing. The hardness ratio was calculated by dividing VHN of the bottom surface by VHN of top surface. Three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (p<0.05) revealed statistically significant differences for all analyzed factors. As for top hardness, as microhardness ratio (bottom/top), the factors shade, distance and composite filler particle size exerted influence on resin curing. Lighter shade composites (A1 and A1B) showed higher hardness values. At 6 and 12 mm curing tip distances, hardness was lower when compared to 0 mm. The microhybrid composite resin presented higheer hardness, being its microhardness ratio satisfactory only at 0 mm for both shades and at 6 mm for the lighter shade. The nanofilled composite resin did not present satisfactory microhardness at the bottom while the microhybrid composite resin had higher hardness than the nanofilled. Composite's curing tip distance and shade can influence hardness.

Cinco combinações de materiais comumente utilizados para registros intermaxilares em casos de extremidades livres bilaterais foram avaliados: base de resina acrílica + cera; base de resina acrílica + pasta zincoenólica; base de resina acrílica + cera + resina Duralay; silicona de condensação; e placa de resina acrílica + hidrocolóide irreversível. Foi realizada a medida da distância vertical entre pontos referenciais em 6 regiões nas bases dos modelos articulados. As medidas obtidas com a articulação manual dos modelos foram tomadas como padrão de comparação para as medidas obtidas com os materiais testados. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio de análise de variância e teste de Tukey. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0.05) entre a silicona de condensação e a combinação da base de resina acrílica + cera, porém entre os demais materiais não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. A silicona de condensação apresentou as maiores diferenças em relação às medidas obtidas pela articulação manual dos modelos e a combinação da base de resina acrílica + cera apresentou as menores diferenças. Com base nos achados deste estudo, a seguinte escala de reprodutibilidade pode ser estabelecida, do melhor para o pior: base de resina acrílica + cera; placa de resina acrílica + hidrocolóide irreversível; base de resina acrílica + cera + pasta zincoenólica; base de resina acrílica + cera + resina Duralay; e silicona de condensação.

Five combinations of materials commonly used for intermaxillary records in cases of bilateral free end saddle were evaluated: acrylic resin base + wax; acrylic resin base + wax + ZOE paste; acrylic resin base + wax + Duralay resin; condensation silicone; and acrylic resin plate + irreversible hydrocolloid. The materials were evaluated by measuring the vertical distance between pairs of reference points located on the bases of the upper and lower articulated casts. The measurements obtained by manual articulation of the casts were used as the standards to which the measurements obtained with the recording materials were compared. ANOVA revealed significant differences among the materials and the Tukey's test showed that condensation silicone differed significantly (p<0.05) from the acrylic resin + wax combination, while no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed among the remaining materials. The condensation silicone presented the greatest differences from the measurements obtained by manual articulation of the casts whereas the acrylic resin base + wax combination presented the least differences. Based on the findings of this study, the following scale of fidelity can be settled from best to worst: acrylic resin base + wax; acrylic resin plate + alginate; acrylic resin base + wax + ZOE; acrylic resin base + wax + Duralay; and condensation silicone.

Este trabalho analisou in vitro duas marcas de adesivos de quarta geração do sistema simplificado (Optisolo - Kerr, com carga, e Single Bond - 3M, sem carga) e duas marcas de resinas compostas (Prodigy - Kerr e Z100 - 3M), com o objetivo de verificação da adesividade na dentina. Oitenta corpos-de-prova, confeccionados a partir de molares humanos extraídos, foram incluídos em resina acrílica e desgastados até exposição de dentina no sentido longitudinal, e divididos em 4 grupos. Cones de resina composta foram aderidos a estes corpos-de-prova precedidos dos sistemas adesivos, seguindo a orientação dos fabricantes. Os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a teste de tração numa máquina de ensaios Universal Mini-Instron 4442, a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os resultados obtidos foram transformados em MPa de acordo com a área de adesão e submetidos a análise estatística pela ANOVA. Pelos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,01) entre os adesivos (F = 7,24), sendo que o adesivo Optisolo (m = 11,03 ± 4,23) apresentou maior resistência de união que o Single Bond (m = 8,37 ± 4,54). Entre as duas resinas (F = 0,43), não foi detectada diferença estatisticamente significante (p > 0,05).

This study analyzed in vitro two brands of one-step adhesive systems of fourth generation (Optisolo - Kerr, filled; and Single Bond - 3M, unfilled) and two composite resins (Prodigy - Kerr and Z100 - 3M), aiming at evaluating their bond strength to dentin. Eighty human extracted molars were embedded in acrylic resin and grounded until dentin was exposed in longitudinal direction. The specimens were divided in 4 groups. Composite resin cones were bonded to the specimens using the mentioned adhesive systems, following the instructions of the manufacturers. The test-specimens were submitted to tensile tests using a 4442 Universal Mini-Instron Machine with the speed of 0.5 mm/min. The results were converted into MPa, according to the area of adhesion, and submitted to statistical analysis with ANOVA. There was significant statistical difference (p < 0.01) between the adhesive systems (F = 7.24). Optisolo (m = 11.03 ± 4.23) showed better bond strength than Single Bond (m = 8.37 ± 4.54). There was no significant statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the composites (F = 0.43).

Os autores estudaram o efeito de quatro diferentes técnicas de polimento de restaurações de amálgama feitas em laboratório com duas ligas convencionais e três ligas com alto teor de cobre, sendo o polimento realizado no tempo de 168 horas após a condensação. A utilização de brocas multilaminadas para o acabamento superficial dos corpos-de-prova exibiu níveis de rugosidade semelhante aos corpos-de-prova não polidos. No tocante às ligas utilizadas, a liga DFL mostrou os mais altos valores de rugosidade superficial, enquanto a liga GS 80 exibiu os melhores valores. A trituração foi efetuada segundo a indicação dos fabricantes e o amálgama foi condensado em uma matriz de aço fabricada especialmente para a pesquisa. A matriz tinha uma cavidade de 4,0 mm de diâmetro com 2,0 mm de profundidade. Cinco minutos após a condensação, foi feita a escultura com uma lâmina de aço e em seguida a brunidura. Depois de 25 minutos, o corpo-de-prova de amálgama era retirado utilizando-se um parafuso da própria matriz. Então, 168 h após a condensação, os corpos-de-prova eram polidos e submetidos aos testes de rugosimetria.

The authors studied the effect of four different polishing techniques on amalgam restorations made of two conventional and three high-copper alloys. Polishing was performed 168 hours after condensation. The use of multilaminated burs in the superficial finishing of the amalgam samples led to rugosity similar to that of the nonpolished samples. Regarding the utilized alloys, DFL exhibited the highest values of superficial rugosity, meanwhile GS 80 showed the lowest values. Trituration was performed as the manufacturer indicated and amalgam was condensed in a steel matrix fabricated especially for this research. The matrix had a cavity with 4.0 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm in depht. Five minutes after condensation the amalgam surfaces were submitted to sculpture with a steel blade and then to burnishing. After 25 minutes, the amalgam samples were removed with the aid of the matrix screw. Then, 168 hours after condensation, the samples were polished and submitted to rugosimetric tests.

Cilindros de selante, padronizados, foram unidos ao esmalte das superfícies vestibulares de incisivos bovinos, após serem planificadas e condicionadas, com ácido fosfórico a 37%, durante 30 segundos. Foram utilizados 40 dentes, aleatoriamente divididos em 4 grupos, cujas coroas foram secionadas, de modo a obter-se duas porções, cervical e incisal. No Grupo I, após o condicionamento, aplicou-se o selante Fluroshield; no Grupo II, antes da aplicação do selante, uma camada do "primer" do Probond foi aplicada; no Grupo III, após o "primer", aplicou-se o adesivo do Probond; e no Grupo IV, somente o adesivo foi aplicado antes do selante. Os espécimes foram armazenados em água a 37°C, durante 36 horas, e então submetidos aos ensaios de cisalhamento. A análise estatística revelou significante diminuição na resistência ao cisalhamento, quando o "primer" foi aplicado previamente ao selante, enquanto a resistência ao cisalhamento do selante foi semelhante quando o adesivo do Probond foi aplicado, com ou sem o "primer". A resistência ao cisalhamento do selante ao esmalte é maior no terço incisal que no terço cervical da coroa.

Standardized cylinders of sealants were bonded to the flattened labial enamel of bovine incisor teeth that had previously been subjected to 37% phosphoric acid gel for 30 seconds. A total of 40 teeth were tested, randomly divided in four groups of 10 teeth each. In Group I, the sealant Fluroshield was applied after etching; in Group II after etching, the "primer" of Probond was used before the sealant; in Group III after etching, the bond of Probond was used after the "primer"; and in Group IV only the bond was applied before the sealant. Specimens were stored in water at 37°C during 36 hours, before shear testing using a Universal Testing Machine. There was significant reduction in shear bond strength of the sealant when only the "primer" was used previously to the application of the sealant. There were no significant differences in the shear bond strength of the sealant when the Probond Adhesive System was applied with or without "primer". The shear bond strength of enamel sealant was higher in the incisal third than in the cervical third.

A resistência de união dos adesivos dentinários tem sido aumentada com o desenvolvimento de cada nova geração. Pouca importância tem sido dada à resistência coesiva da dentina. A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência coesiva da dentina. Dezessete caninos humanos hígidos, os quais tinham sido extraídos há mais de um ano, foram usados. Os dentes foram desgastados até a obtenção de corpos-de-prova em dentina, de formato quadrangular, com tamanho aproximado de 2 X 2 mm. Os dentes foram incluídos em resina acrílica e, então, submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento em uma máquina de ensaios universais Wolpert, com uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. A resistência coesiva média da dentina no teste de cisalhamento foi de 33,95 (+- 9,72) MPa. O tipo de fratura foi analisado com um aumento de 40X. Foi realizada uma análise com elemento finito, para observar a distribuição do estresse relacionada com o teste de cisalhamento. O padrão de fratura encontrado foi compatível com o tipo de teste executado e com a distribuição do estresse obtida a partir da análise de elemento finito

The bond strength of dentin adhesives to dentin has increased after each generation. Although dentin substratum is part of the bonding process, little importance has been given to measure dentin cohesive strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cohesive strength of dentin in human canines. Seventeen non carious canines were selected. All of them had been extracted for more than one year. The teeth were ground until dentin square samples with approximately 2 X 2 mm were obtained. They were embedded in acrylic resin and subjected to shear stress, in a Wolpert Machine, at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The mean cohesive strength of dentin in shear mode was 33.95 (+-9.72) MPa. The fracture surfaces were observed under a X40 magnification. A finite element analysis was performed to observe the stress distribution as related to the shear test. The failure pattern was compatible with the shear test and also with the stress distribution in the finite element analysis